# 继承的实现
本文参考30 分钟学会 JS 继承 (opens new window)较多,勿怪。
# 常用继承
# 复制继承
就是将被继承的类的prototype
复制。
function Parent(name) {
this.name = name;
}
Parent.prototype.sayName = function() {
console.log('parent name:', this.name);
}
function Child(name) {
this.name = name;
}
Object.assign(Child.prototype, Parent.prototype);
var child = new Child('son');
child.sayName(); // child name: son
console.log(child instanceof Parent); //false
缺点
- 效率低
instanceof
无效- 父亲构造函数没有执行,所以只是继承了方法,而没有继承属性
# 原型继承
function Parent(name) {
this.name = name;
}
Parent.prototype.sayName = function() {
console.log('parent name:', this.name);
}
function Child(name) {
this.name = name;
}
Child.prototype = new Parent('father');
Child.prototype.constructor = Child;
Child.prototype.sayName = function() {
console.log('child name:', this.name);
}
var child = new Child('son');
child.sayName(); // child name: son
console.log(child instanceof Parent); //true
缺点
- 子类无法给父类传递参数,在面向对象的继承中,我们总希望通过
child = new Child('son', 'father')
让子类去调用父类的构造器来完成继承。而不是通过像这样new Parent('father')
去调用父类。 Child.prototype.sayName
必须写在Child.prototype = new Parent('father')
之后,不然会被覆盖掉。
# 构造继承
主要是利用call
和apply
,在子类的环境里,运行一遍父类的属性与方法。
function Parent(name) {
this.name = name;
}
Parent.prototype.sayName = function() {
console.log('parent name:', this.name);
}
Parent.prototype.doSomthing = function() {
console.log('parent do something!');
}
function Child(name, parentName) {
Parent.call(this, parentName);
this.name = name;
}
Child.prototype.sayName = function() {
console.log('child name:', this.name);
}
var child = new Child('son');
console.log(child instanceof Parent);//false
child.sayName(); // child name: son
child.doSomthing(); // TypeError: child.doSomthing is not a function
相当于 Parent
这个函数在 Child
函数中执行了一遍,并且将所有与 this
绑定的变量都切换到了 Child
上,这样就克服了前一种方式带来的问题。
缺点
没有原型,每次创建一个
Child
实例对象时候都需要执行一遍Parent
函数,无法复用一些公用函数。也就是说,只复用了父类属性,而没有复用方法。
instanceof
无效
# 组合继承
function Parent(name) {
this.name = name;
}
Parent.prototype.sayName = function() {
console.log('parent name:', this.name);
}
Parent.prototype.doSomething = function() {
console.log('parent do something!');
}
function Child(name, parentName) {
Parent.call(this, parentName); //第2次调用
this.name = name;
}
Child.prototype = new Parent(); //第1次调用
Child.prototype.constructor = Child;
Child.prototype.sayName = function() {
console.log('child name:', this.name);
}
var child = new Child('son');
child.sayName(); // child name: son
child.doSomething(); // parent do something!
console.log(child instanceof Parent);//true
组合式继承是比较常用的一种继承方法,其背后的思路是使用原型链实现对原型属性和方法的继承,而通过借用构造函数来实现对实例属性的继承。
这样,既通过在原型上定义方法实现了函数复用,又保证每个实例都有它自己的属性。
缺点
使用过程中会被调用两次:一次是创建子类型的时候,另一次是在子类型构造函数的内部。
# 寄生组合继承
function Parent(name) {
this.name = name;
}
Parent.prototype.sayName = function() {
console.log('parent name:', this.name);
}
function Child(name, parentName) {
Parent.call(this, parentName);
this.name = name;
}
function create(proto) {
function F(){}
F.prototype = proto;
return new F();
}
Child.prototype = create(Parent.prototype);
Child.prototype.sayName = function() {
console.log('child name:', this.name);
}
Child.prototype.constructor = Child;
var parent = new Parent('father');
parent.sayName(); // parent name: father
var child = new Child('son', 'father');
child.sayName(); // child name: son
console.log(child instanceof Parent);//true
这就是所谓的寄生组合式继承方式,跟组合式继承的区别在于,他不需要在一次实例中调用两次父类的构造函数,假如说父类的构造器代码很多,还需要调用两次的话对系统肯定会有影响,寄生组合式继承的思想在于:用一个 F 空的构造函数去取代执行了 Parent 这个构造函数。
在上面的代码中,我们手动创建了一个 create
函数,但是其实是存在于 Object
对象中,不需要我们手动去创建,所以上面的代码可以改为:
function Parent(name) {
this.name = name;
}
Parent.prototype.sayName = function() {
console.log('parent name:', this.name);
}
function Child(name, parentName) {
Parent.call(this, parentName);
this.name = name;
}
function inheritPrototype(Parent, Child) {
Child.prototype = Object.create(Parent.prototype); //修改
Child.prototype.constructor = Child;
}
inheritPrototype(Parent, Child);
Child.prototype.sayName = function() {
console.log('child name:', this.name);
}
var parent = new Parent('father');
parent.sayName(); // parent name: father
var child = new Child('son', 'father');
child.sayName(); // child name: son
console.log(child instanceof Parent);//true
# es6继承
es6
本身有class
,可以当作prototype
的语法糖。
class Parent {
constructor(name) {
this.name = name;
}
doSomething() {
console.log('parent do something!');
}
sayName() {
console.log('parent name:', this.name);
}
}
class Child extends Parent {
constructor(name, parentName) {
super(parentName);
this.name = name;
}
sayName() {
console.log('child name:', this.name);
}
}
const child = new Child('son', 'father');
child.sayName(); // child name: son
child.doSomething(); // parent do something!
const parent = new Parent('father');
parent.sayName(); // parent name: father
console.log(child instanceof Parent);//true
# 多重继承
# es5的多重继承
我们常用的多重继承,一般是继承一个父类,也就是说继承它的属性和方法,再继承其它父类的方法。
实现方法也很简单,在前面继承的基础上,再复制下其它父类的prototype
。
/**
* 继承
* @param {Function} subClass 子构造函数
* @param {Function} superClass 父构造函数
*/
function extend (subClass, superClass) {
// const F = function () {
// };
// F.prototype = superClass.prototype;
// subClass.prototype = new F();
subClass.prototype = Object.create(superClass.prototype);
subClass.prototype.constructor = subClass;
subClass.superclass = superClass.prototype;
if (superClass.prototype.constructor === Object.prototype.constructor) {
superClass.prototype.constructor = superClass;
}
if (!subClass.prototype.__extendList) {
subClass.prototype.__extendList = [];
} else {
subClass.prototype.__extendList = clone(subClass.prototype.__extendList);
}
subClass.prototype.__extendList.push(superClass);
}
/*
* 多重继承
* 对于子类和父类重复的成员,会取子类的成员
* 对于父类重复的成员,会取最后一个父类的成员
* 如果使用 instanceof 会和第一个父类的成员匹配
* @param {Function} subClass 子构造函数
* @param {Function} superClass 父构造函数
* @param {Boolean} replaceExistedMember 是否替换已有的原型函数。如果为是,则将会是superClasses最后一个的原型函数内容
*/
function multiExtend (subClass, superClasses, replaceExistedMember = true) {
extend(subClass, superClasses[0]);
for (let i = 1; i < superClasses.length; i++) {
let curSuperClass = superClasses[i];
for (let cur in curSuperClass.prototype) {
if (cur === 'constructor') {
continue;
}
if (replaceExistedMember) {
subClass.prototype[cur] = curSuperClass.prototype[cur];
} else {
if (subClass.prototype[cur] === undefined || subClass.prototype[cur] === null) {
subClass.prototype[cur] = curSuperClass.prototype[cur];
}
}
}
subClass.prototype.__extendList.push(curSuperClass);
}
}
/**
* 判断继承
* @param {Object} subObj 子对象实例
* @param {Function} superClass 父构造函数
*/
function isInstance (subObj, superClass) {
if (subObj instanceof superClass) {
return true;
}
if (subObj && subObj.__extendList) {
if (subObj.__extendList.includes(superClass)) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
function Parent(name) {
this.parentName = name;
}
Parent.prototype.sayName = function() {
console.log('parent name:', this.parentName);
};
function Parent2(age) {
this.age = age; //这句不会走
}
Parent2.prototype.sayAge = function() {
console.log('parent2 age:', this.age); //undefined
};
function Child(name, parentName) {
Child.superclass.constructor.call(this, parentName);//必须有这一句,才能继承父类的属性
this.name = name;
}
//extend(Child, Parent);//单重继承
multiExtend(Child, [Parent, Parent2]);//混合继承
let child = new Child('child', '父亲名称');
console.log(child instanceof Parent); //true
console.log(child instanceof Parent2); //false
console.log(isInstance(child, Parent));//true
console.log(isInstance(child, Parent2));//true
child.sayName();
child.sayAge();
# es6的多重继承
ES6
中,class
原生是不支持多重继承的,根据阮一峰ECMAScript 6 入门教程 (opens new window)中的方法,通过以下方式即可实现class
继承多个类:
function mix(...mixins) {
class Mix {
constructor() {
for (let mixin of mixins) {
copyProperties(this, new mixin()); // 拷贝实例属性
}
}
}
for (let mixin of mixins) {
copyProperties(Mix, mixin); // 拷贝静态属性
copyProperties(Mix.prototype, mixin.prototype); // 拷贝原型属性
}
return Mix;
}
function copyProperties(target, source) {
for (let key of Reflect.ownKeys(source)) {
if ( key !== 'constructor'
&& key !== 'prototype'
&& key !== 'name'
) {
let desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(source, key);
Object.defineProperty(target, key, desc);
}
}
}
缺点
- 构造函数没有传递参数,所以仅适用于不需要有参数的类
- 无法使用
instanceof
所以像es5一样,仅执行第一个父类的构造函数比较合理。修改为以下内容:
function mix (...mixins) {
class Mix {
// 如果不需要拷贝实例属性下面这段代码可以去掉
constructor (...args) {
// for (let mixin of mixins) {
// copyProperties(this, new mixin()); // 拷贝实例属性
// }
copyProperties(this, new mixins[0](...args));
}
}
for (let mixin of mixins) {
copyProperties(Mix, mixin);
copyProperties(Mix.prototype, mixin.prototype);
}
return Mix;
}
function copyProperties (target, source) {
for (let key of Reflect.ownKeys(source)) { //返回一个由目标对象自身的属性键组成的数组
if (typeof source === 'function') { //如果是类,才这样复制
if (key !== "constructor" && key !== "prototype" && key !== "name") {
let desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(source, key);//返回指定对象上一个自有属性对应的属性描述符。(自有属性指的是直接赋予该对象的属性,不需要从原型链上进行查找的属性)
Object.defineProperty(target, key, desc);
}
} else {
target[key] = source[key];
}
}
}
/**
* 增加一条多重继承的关系链
*/
const multiExtend = function (subClass, superClasses) {
if (!subClass.prototype.__extendList) {
subClass.prototype.__extendList = [];
}
subClass.prototype.__extendList.push(...superClasses);
};
/**
* 继承判断
* @param obj 实例对象
* @param superClass 父类
* @return {boolean}
*/
const isInstance = (obj, superClass) => {
if (obj instanceof superClass) {
return true;
}
if (obj && obj.__extendList) {
if (obj.__extendList.includes(superClass)) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
};
class Parent {
constructor (name, sex) {
console.log('-----------parent-------' + name);
this.name = name;
this.sex = sex;
}
saySex () {
console.log('parent sex:' + this.sex);
}
sayName () {
console.log('parent name:', this.name);
}
}
class Parent2 {
constructor (age) {
console.log('-----------parent2'); //这行不会走
this.age = age;
}
sayAge () {
console.log('parent age:', this.age); //undefined
}
}
class Child extends mix(Parent, Parent2) {
constructor (name, sex, interest) {
super(name, sex);
this.interest = interest;
}
}
multiExtend(Child, [Parent, Parent2]); //必须加这句,才能使用isInstance
const child = new Child('son', 'man', 'football');
child.sayName(); // child name: son
child.saySex(); // parent sex : man
child.sayAge(); //parent age: undefined
console.log(child instanceof Parent);//false
console.log(child instanceof Parent2);//false
console.log(isInstance(child, Parent));//true
console.log(isInstance(child, Parent2));//true
TIP
如果也需要执行其它父类的构造函数,则需要检查程序设计上是否合理了